The Effects of Civil War in Kurdistan

Pshtiwan Abdulla Oct 30, 2010 Writing composition Mr. Gray The Effects of Civil War in Kurdistan Generally talking about war will remind us lots of incredible actions that have been happened to many nations. Civil war is one of the most pernicious wars that brings calamity to a nation. As many other countries, civil war in Kurdistan left many incorrigible issues which some of them still exist. Some of these problems are huge obstacle in the way of development in Kurdistan. Gaining supremacy and disclaiming each other between the two dominant parties were the factors to befall this ruinous war.During the civil war, Kurdish people were encountered many social, economical and political crises. Some of the negative effects that Kurdish civil war had were, dividing the Kurdish government, leaving native soil, losing countless of people, creating instability of economic growth and coming external interferences. Dividing the government into two parts in Kurdistan was one of the biggest trou bles that harmed people. In that time, Kurdistan was divided into two governments, Sulaimani government and Hawler government, that each of them had its own conditions and rules.Having two antagonist local governments facilitated the way for doing some crimes and criminal actions. For example, if a man who had committed a sin or robbery in one of the regions, he could escape there and stay in the opposite region without any threat. The governments were not judging anyone who had done a fault in the contrary government. Furthermore, some families had no chance to stay in a part that their party had left, so thousands of families were forced to leave their homes and businesses. Immigration and leaving motherland was another dreadful affects that civil war left.Young generation, who is the dynamic force in all societies, left their country and settled in European countries. Thereupon, Kurdistan lost the majority of its superlative class, and it was one of the weakest points of the prog ression of Kurdish society. Losing their home and businesses because of the war pushed people to immigrate and leave their birthplace. In that time, almost all families had lost a son or a member of their family, and parents believed that sending the rest of their sons to overseas countries would save them. Many of the migrants were killed in the borders and drowned in the European seas.Some of these immigrants still have no citizenship and any valid answer to stay there. Thousands of people in both sides were involved in the war, and it was the cause of killing a myriad number of people. Losing this massive number of people especially young people is still a giant barrier to unifying both regions. Even though, the two previous governments are unified now, but it is still obvious that each party governs its own region. Besides, it created enmity among families, and some of them are waiting for an occasion to revenge each other.Fourteen years after war, some families scare of return to their locations, and they still live in some cities where are not belong to them. Another big effect of losing this people is that a vast number of children lost their fathers and grew up in orphan hood. They were the first victim of civil war because many of them ran into poverty; they gave up their education and had to work to help their families. At that time, Kurdistan was a battlefield, and it was an insecure region to economic investments. Businessmen and industrialists were scared to run their business because there was no warranty to save their assets.Also, because of instability and insecurity, foreign manufacturers and Businessmen were scared to investment in Kurdistan. Commerce between Kurdistan and neighbor countries was the only trade that Kurdish tradesmen were doing. Most of these trades were contraband that people were running in the borders. Furthermore, some of the private and public industrial units were demolished. For example, the powerhouse of Dukan which wa s giving the electricity for almost twenty cities was disabled by one of the two parties. Having lots of military checkpoints between the cities was another impediment that was harming the merchants.Also, misspending an immense amount of public money and using it to buying armaments was another factor that decreased the growth of economic in Kurdistan. Civil war facilitated many ways to coming external interferences into Kurdistan. Foreign countries especially neighbor countries had many negative impacts on Kurdish politics. They interfered almost in every area such as economy, security, social affairs and politics. For example, during the war in 1996, PDK requested Iraqi central government to send its troops to Kurdistan and fight against PUK.After that, in the same year, PUK demanded Iranian government to help them in fighting against PDK. Raising the rate of overseas intervenes got a point that Iranian spies terrorized thousands of members of Iranian Kurdish political parties who have settled in this part of Kurdistan. Overall, civil war in Kurdistan had many negative impacts on Kurdish people, and there were many tragedies that will never be forgotten in the peoples’ memory. Economical, political and social crises were the difficulties that faced Kurdish people during the civil war.Facing lots of hardships created numerous of problems that some of them are irremediable and still exist. The civil war was the most effective cause to evolve many dreadful and harmful actions. Brothers against brothers and losing a limitless number of young people are an injury that still has many injurious influences on Kurdish society. Bisecting government, leaving home, losing people, instability and exterior interferences were the effects that civil war left, and they damaged many achievements that Kurdish people had achieved.

Ghost’s Child Essay

Feather made the right choice, he should not have stayed with Maddy. Intro: Sonya Hartnett’s The Ghost’s Child reveals the mystifying story of Matilda’s remarkable journey up the mountain of life. Even though the departure of Feather pained Maddy emotionally, the overall outcome significantly boosted her emotional strength and confidence. Feather loved Maddy so much, but he knew he couldn’t change, so he had to do what was best for Maddy in order for her to be happy. The loss of Feather as well as the Fay encouraged Maddy to embark on many new adventures.At the end of Matilda’s glorious journey of life, she was, truly, happy. BP1: All Feather wanted was for Maddy to be happy, and the only way that was possible was to free her from herself by leaving her and letting her go. Maddy had thought that because of all the times he crept off to the beach, and to be with just the water and sand, that â€Å"Feather didn't care† about her, but it was not her, it was that Maddy was â€Å"less important than this strange, mysterious summoning thing†. Feather knew he couldn’t change his lifestyle to live with Maddy, and if he didn’t, he would continue to hurt her inside.The only way to satisfy them both was to leave. It was not the fact that Feather could not change for Maddy, but that he could not change enough for Maddy. Feather is willing to do anything for Maddy to â€Å"make her happy†. Even when he says that â€Å"it makes no difference† to him, it actually does, and he knows that if he does â€Å"move to the desert† with Maddy, they won’t be able to live happily together because of Feathers urge to get back to his old life. Maddy was holding Feather back by making him more civilized and changing him to be the opposite of the person she fell in love with.After living with Feather for quite a while, Maddy â€Å"still called him Feather, but it was easy to forget why† because of the new clothes she made him wear and his hair was washed and looked smart, and he had just lost the â€Å"strange smoky shimmer that swam from him† like the sun reflecting off a gold fish, in clear blue water. This shows that Feather left Maddy, not only to help her be happy, but also to let himself be happy. BP2: When Feather left Maddy, he freed her from the windowless â€Å"box† inside her head, and enabled her to live life without worrying about love or oss, and as a result Maddy proceeded to have many great experiences that heavily influenced her life. The loss of Feather strived Maddy to actually do something with her life, rather than dwelling on all of the bad things that have happened. Whether Feather meant to or not, he enabled Maddy to fight for what she wanted, and actually do the things she wanted to do right now. The â€Å"island of stillness† gave Maddy many new experiences and helped her learn a lot from them. The most vital thing that Maddy learns on the island is that â€Å"love is not the strongest or most important thing in the world†.She accepted the fact that she had lost the Fay, and now was losing Feather. After learning this she can properly move on with her life and leave Feather and all their memories together in the past. Maddy going to help with the war was a very significant experience as it gave her the epiphany that she wanted to be an eye doctor for the remainder of her career. She was inspired by the fact that the blind injured men in the war had lost the biggest thing of all, â€Å"they had lost the sight of beautiful things†.This tells us that one bad experience, can often lead to several good life changing experiences BP3: In the end, all of Matilda's great journeys and adventures love and loss, finally enabled her to accept that the loss of Feather did help her learn to be happy. Love can be brutal and leave you injured, but eventually we learn that we can move past this and learn fr om our experiences to help us become wiser more knowledgeable. Through all the amazing good times, and the ever-lasting bad times, all Matilda's memories made up an overall happy life.After the island of stillness and the war, Maddy was living her perfect life, a job she wanted to do and nothing to worry about. It is strange to think of the outcome if she was still living with Feather, and if she would be doing what she was doing now. In the end, all alone â€Å"Matilda was standing on the mountain top, and looking back along the path she’d walked and she was satisfied with what she saw. † Feather leaving, not only hurt Maddy, but more importantly it taught her valuable lessons in life and gave her many amazing experiences.Sonya Hartnett was trying to explain that love can give you as much pain as it does happiness and to really experience great love, you must first experience the bad times as well as the good. Even if something bad does happen and you end up losing th e one thing you love most, you must accept the fact that it has happened and that you cannot change it, and use it as a learning experience. No matter what happens, you have to learn to move on and enjoy all of the good things in life. As Matilda's eyes saw the last things they would ever see, â€Å"on her face were the remnants of a smile†.

Performance & reword Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Performance & reword - Essay Example The influences could be positive or negative during this journey, but such influences also affect the future course as well and the spirit with which the team members are working decides the future course of the achievements as well. Ans-2: The contemporary job design theories outline a set of functions, components and tasks depending upon the organization settings, based upon the requirements of the organization and the capabilities of the individual. While the meta-process of finalizing minute details helps the organization in attaining the desired heights, it also helps in the individual by way of improving quality of work experience and greater freedom and flexibility (Dolan and Schuler, 1994). Therefore, positive motivations help in a better experience while negative motivations result in adversely impacting the work culture. Motivation in simplest terms can be defined as a means of providing motives. At times, the lack of any positive motivation by the managers often results in an automatic provisioning of negative motivation. How somebody makes use of his/ her efforts towards a goal is determined by the motivating/ de-motivating factors. It is through their behavior that employees give expression to their commitment to work, level of motivation and their attitudes. The performance appraisal and review process helps the management in motivating the performance levels of deserving candidates while providing an opportunity to the one's lagging behind. Organizational goals and objectives can also be achieved if the workforce is able to work with desired levels of motivation. Buyens and De Vos (2001) contend that, "strategic HRM is the linking of the HR function with strategic goals and objectives of the organization in order to improve business performance and develop organizational cultures that foster innovation and flexibility". It is worth mentioning here that the individual feel motivated when they find that their requisite needs are being fulfilled in the process. The Maslow's hierarchy of needs is an important tool to assess the needs of the people in general. Ans-3: Strategic HR management is supposed to align organizational targets with those of the individual and the teams. Mahy et al (2005) contend that a company designs its HR policies to maximize profits, for which the company makes use of job incentives. Such incentives play key role in influencing the attitude of the worker. Thus the incentives turn into profits for the company. If due attention is paid to the periodic feedbacks from the workers, it goes a long way in shaping the policies of the company and provides it an edge in taking on the competitors. For example, Coca Cola the leading icon in a range of beverage products clearly underlines the importance of synchronizing the career requirements of workers with the company's requirements. It states1, "Our Company, your career, together we grow." Considering its people as its greatest asset, the company comes out with a benefit statement which states2, "The Coca-Cola Company values the health and well-being of our employees and provides a variety of market-competitive benefits programs to address employees' benefits needs." It is indeed worth pointing out that company clearly finds a link between maximizing

Project Management Review Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Project Management Review - Assignment Example This structure helps in creating a framework and provides guidance in terms of schedule development and control. The process of defining the project consists of five steps 1. Defining the project scope: - A project scope is the end result of the project, i.e. a product or service for the client or customer. The scope clearly explains the measurable and tangible result delivered to the end user. 2. Establishing project priorities: - The second step is to establish the project priorities, which determines the shifts in the comparative importance of criterions connected to cost, time, and performance parameters. This also helps in managing the priorities of project trade-offs and in formulating the parameter requirements. 3. The third step involved in defining a project is to create the Work Breakdown Structure. A work breakdown structure is the hierarchal sketch that categorizes the products and work elements engaged in a project. 4. Integration of Work Breakdown Structure with the Org anization is the fourth step of defining a project. The ability of the firm to discharge its work responsibility towards a project is determined at this stage. This is where WBS and the OBS (Organizational Breakdown structure) are integrated. 5. The final stage of the process is coding the Work Breakdown Structure for the information System. At this stage, a range of essentials of the WBS are identified and defined. Reports on the organizational fundamentals, work package, budget and cost are consolidated at all levels of the organizational structure. Lag and Slack According to Francis and Horine (2003), in a series of linked tasks, lag means the ‘delay’ between the linked tasks; and it is necessary to use lag in a network as it is essential for the smooth progress of tasks (p. 80). The lag can be described as a ‘planned delay’. On the other hand, slack explains the extent of time that a task can be belated without affecting its successor tasks. As Chapman (2006, p. 9.22), Gantt chart is prepared to break a large project into a sequence of smaller tasks in an organized way. This chart describes when each task should start and how long it would take. On the other hand, a network diagram is a tool used for demonstrating how the impacts of a project are related and what the consequences of the impact are. Diagrams summarize a large portion of the project body as it is represented as graphical representation. Backward pass: A backward pass is a device used in the project management. It refers to the estimation of late start dates and late finish dates regarding the section of activities that have not been completed. This is calculated using by referring back through the schedule network from the end date of project segment. The end date may be determined by the client or by the supervisor using the forward pass. A backward pass determines the late start date and late finish dates. Scope statement: The project is on arranging a dinner-danc e concert for a local charity. It is going to take place in a four weeks’ time. This concert is reserved specially for 30 couples and the amount collected at this concert goes directly to the needy segment of the local society. The first step involved in the project is to create work breakdown statement of the project scope. The different elements of the project are to be distinguished at first hand. It is easier to understand the different

China Oil Security Issue In the New Map of Global Oil Geography Term Paper

China Oil Security Issue In the New Map of Global Oil Geography - Term Paper Example This essay stresses that the immerging competition among the G8 countries has resulted to high consumption of oil. This is based on the fact that industrialization and motorization has took place thereby increasing vehicle ownership and other power machines that are used by individuals to simplify their work. The demand for oil consumption has been increasing making developed and developing countries to depend on regions such as Middle East, North Africa and Central China among others. This has emanated business transactions and diplomatic ties among the producers and consumers. For example China conducts business transaction with Sudan based on the fact that China needs oil from Sudan. On the other hand Sudan imports other products which they require increasing ties with consuming countries. This paper makes a conclusion that the formation of trading block such as Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) has made the producers to have power to deal with the consumers who use their economic power to suppress them. With the increased cases of terrorism, it is essential for US in collaboration with UN to put in place sustainable security measures in oil producing countries. In this way, the oil exploration process will be undertaken in a secured manner. While the developed countries are able to come up with other energy alternatives, third world states are greatly affected by price increment of oil products. Ii is notable that China has interest in the developing countries for example in the African region.

Qantas Airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Qantas Airline - Essay Example It also included information about the competitors of Qantas and whether they were facing the same problem. It also discussed about other International affairs connected to problem. History: Qantas Airline established in the Queensland back in 1920, registered originally as the Queensland and Northern Territory Aerial Services Limited (QANTAS) building a reputation in safety, operational reliability, engineering and maintenance, and customer service. Qantas is widely regarded as the world's leading international airline and one of the strongest brands in Australia. It also operates subsidiary businesses including other airlines, and businesses in specialist markets such as Qantas Holidays and Qantas Flight Catering. By 1995, the year in which Qantas celebrated its 75th anniversary, the vision of the two young war pilots who founded their bush air service in 1920 had evolved into one of the world's great airlines (wekipedia.org, 2006). Some of the airline's important recent achievements include the 50th anniversary of full Qantas services on the Kangaroo route between Australia and United Kingdom and the 50th anniversary of services to Japan in 1997. Developments: The future holds many challenges for Qantas - maintaining safe operations and world-class product standards while building a viable and competitive position long term for the airline. In December 1992 the Government announced that British Airways had successfully bid AUD 665 million for 25 per cent of Qantas. In February 1993 Qantas received 1.35 billion AUD capital injections from the Government. The British Airways purchase was completed in March 1993, setting the stage for partnership arrangements in many areas to achieve economies of scale. The following month the Qantas board decided to merge Qantas and Australian under the banner Qantas - 'The Australian Airline' (www.qantas.com.au, 2006). The airline sharply increased capacity allocated to Australian domestic routes to meet market growth and win back market share. It introduced a new cabin design for the core fleet as part of a comprehensive product update that also featured more comfortable seats, new menus and uniforms and expanded airport lounges. Problem: By the end of November 2005, sales of domestic section of Qantas International Airlines started decreasing by the rate of 2% (Nine MSN News, 2006). That was a huge disaster for the big giant of Australian economy. The inflation graph for Australia just got a straight line in it after that. Economy class as well as corporate level consumers starts to shift themselves to other airlines such as virgin airlines and others. When it comes to sales, this is a huge disastrous point for the administration and what's beyond that is presented in this marketing research report and I tried my best to put everything relevant to this issue in this paper. Research Question: Why sales of Qantas started decreasing in 2006 What are the factors that are affecting the strong market giant of Australia's business Are competitors of Qantas are facing the same problem Is there any other International affair is connected to that problem Research Design: My research will revolve around a typical survey questionnaire (Appendix A) that will be given to people who opted Qantas as

Industry, Ideology, and their Global Impact, 1700-1912 Assignment - 1

Industry, Ideology, and their Global Impact, 1700-1912 - Assignment Example Because of industrialization, the western managed to acquire even more validation to extend their imperialism motives to other states, which were weaker than they were. They were in a position to offer advanced health care and education which in turn they used as an excuse to take over other states which were not as industrialized as they were (Wake field university, n.d). The West was also experiencing the need to extend its market for their excess production due to industrial intensification that produced more than its population could use. This further encouraged them to colonizing other states to ensure market for their extensive production as well as obtain raw materials. Infrastructural progress was also evident due to industrial revolution (Shillington, 2013). This meant that the western states were in a position to access other regions that had not experienced industrialization. Hence, gave them immense influence over them leading to colonization. The West saw other regions as a source of raw materials for their continuously expanding industries (Shillington, 2013). Because of this, the western states colonized these states so that they could freely gain access to these raw materials without any hindrances. Less civilized especially Africa and Asia regions during then was green market for investment as well as cheap unswerving labor (Shillington, 2013). This significantly influenced the then colonial activities by the West to advance respective economical benefits. Other than the economic reasons that were because of industrialization, Shillington (2013) asserts there were aspects like need for international power and security. Because of industrialization, these states were in a position to acquire better machinery and weapons. This sequentially made them feel superior thus had to colonize (Luscombe, 2012). One of the main reasons that made the European armies conquer the native resistance so

Competitive Advantage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competitive Advantage - Research Paper Example While there exists competitors that constitute operational threats for Tim’s Coffee Shoppe, the coffee shop has managed to outperform its competitors in various aspects. In its line of operation, Tim’s Coffee Shoppe remains committed to the goal of satisfying its customers. This is in line with the primary objective of capturing a substantial market share in the industry within which the company operates. By comparing Tim’s Coffee Shoppe with the two identified competitors in the matrix above, the strengths and weaknesses that characterize the company’s operations are highlighted. Tim’s Coffee Shoppe’s operational quality is not the best in town. However, this matches Queequeg’s Coffee quality level, but it is outperformed by Tim Hortons. In general, the quality associated with Tim’s Coffee Shoppe is desirable. It accounts for a given level of the coffee shop’s strengths. Although the strength therein is relatively limited, there is room for improvement. By evaluating the outperformer’s operations and quality management practices, Tim’s Coffee Shoppe can enhance its quality strength. The outlets owned and managed by Tim’s Coffee Shoppe constitute a substantial strength for this coffee operator. In fact, this strength outperforms that of its competitors. Tim’s Coffee Shoppe is located in close proximity with busy and high demand areas like railways and universities. While both competitors have more locations than Tim’s Coffee Shoppe, their locations are not as strategically placed as those of Tim’s Coffee Shoppe. In this respect, Tim’s Coffee Shoppe enjoys an operational advantage over its competitors. Employees are essential drivers of the operations undertaken by any given company. Even with the need for Tim’s Coffee Shoppe to outperform its competitors, the company has not adequately addressed employee issues. Employee reorganization and the observance of management dynamics are vital from time to time, as an

Professional Staff Training in the Academic Library Essay

Professional Staff Training in the Academic Library - Essay Example As such is its scope, the basic questions this study intends to address are: For this study, the researcher will be relying heavily on books, academic journals, and electronic sources. The possible bibliographic tools that the researcher will need in the conduct of the literature research are the title, the author, the date of publication, the place of publication and abstract or summary of the book or article if there is one. At the same time, the researcher believes that the footnotes or endnotes or in-text citation used in the books or articles will be a lot of help in the search for topics pertinent to the study. In terms of the date of publication, the researcher thinks that it will survey works for the thirty or forty years for the purpose looking at theories that are considered a landmark in the field of our concern which was predominantly developed within this period. Although the researcher knows that coverage spans for a few decades whereas there are many contemporary developments the area, still the researcher thinks that understanding the landmark theories is pivotal in the understanding of the current trends in our field of studies. The possible constraints that the researcher may encounter in the literature search are first how will he be able to delimit the number of his references in the midst of numerous sources and references that he may find relevant to the study. This is an important concern since it is of equal gravity with research being conducted with very few available sources. And lastly, the concern with sources that seems to be weaving from one file to another without clearly delineating the boundaries. The article of Locke (1978) speaks of the fundamental error of scholars and managers alike in assigning goal setting as the fundamental mover for employees in participating in the fulfillment of the objective of the organization.

Foundation of The Republic of Turkey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Foundation of The Republic of Turkey - Essay Example This actually led to the fragmentation of the empire. In spite of this Ottoman participated in the First World War being a German ally and was defeated by the victorious forces. The Ottoman Empire was partly occupied by the victorious force, but in a bitter war Turkish nationalists who were brought together by Mustafa Kemal were able to expel them from Anatolia. Finally they were also able to abolish the Ottoman Empire in 1923. Once the republic of turkey was formed, country’s leaders focused on westernization and modernization of the country. Turkey went through massive social, economic, linguistic and political reforms during the period of 1924-1934 under the leadership of Ataturk (Mustafa Kemal). Today this ideology of Ataturk is known as â€Å"Kemalism†. Kemalism is basically the Turkish form of strong nationalism, secularism, western orientation and statism. In Turkey’s politics Kemalism is one of the most popular subject for discussing and debating because even today the principles of Kemalism are well accepted in Turkey. This was the foundation of modern Turkey. In World War II Turkey joined Allied force with the purpose of becoming a United Nations member. In 1952 Turkey became a member of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (US Department of State, History). Turkey’s geographical location is quite interesting as some part of the country is geographically part of Southeastern Europe and rest is part of Southwestern Asia. Basically it is a Middle East country. Turkey is placed in between the Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. Turkey’s total area is 783,562 sq km. Among this 769,632 sq km is the total land area and the rest is water. In terms of total area Turkey is slightly bigger than Texas. Turkey is at the 37th position in the world with respect to total area. It is quite clear from the global map of Turkey that turkey’s border is shared with eight different countries which are Armenia, Azerbaijan.

Starhub analysis Essay Example for Free

Starhub analysis Essay Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Market structure is either a: Monopoly Natural monopoly Oligopoly Dominated by a handful of big players High capital expenditure (capex) Absolute fixed cost is high But fixed cost per user is very low Telco may be very cash flow rich if capex is controlled Low operating expenditure (opex) Average cost per user is very, very, VERY low. Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Lines of business Voice Traditional fixed lines overtaken by mobile Some households do not even have fixed lines i.e. M1 gives free fixed line with fibre plan Lucrative international dialing business is largely  gone Replaced by data i.e. Skype, VOIP etc. Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Lines of business Data Escalating bandwidth demand (geometric growth) Some business models have failed as a result Unlimited mobile data plan replaced by tiered  pricing plans Reasonably priced unlimited fixed broadband/fibre  still available in some countries (not so in the US). Price differentiation between home and business data  plans Sub segment differentiation exists – gamers (low  latency) Telcos need data to make up for loss revenue in voice  business Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Lines of business Pay TV Telcos offering pay TV not common for all  countries. Exists in Singapore. Always a balancing act between controlling cost  of content and charging viewers more Cost is increasing for developed countries  » Not so for developing countries†¦.. Video on-demand new business model Don’t pay for a whole channel, just pay for the TV program you want Mio TV vs Cable TV Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Strategy for non-saturated markets Build out infrastructure and coverage while  controlling capex Gain market share by grabbing customers Especially in underserved markets Attempt to lock in existing customers Increase revenue by offering differentiated price  plans Tiered data plans (both mobile and fixed) Sell supplementary services Caller ID, low latency etc. Generic Characteristics of Telco Industry Strategy for mature and saturated markets Infrastructure and coverage largely built so there is little capex Control opex tightly Gain market share by poaching customers from  competitors Avoid price war Same as before Attempt to lock in existing customers Increase revenue by offering differentiated price plans Expand into overseas markets Any economies of scale? Industry Life Cycle Analysis Porter’s Five Forces Threat of New Entrants Bargaining Power of Suppliers Competitive Rivalry Within the Industry Threat of Substitutes Bargaining Power of Buyers Porter’s Five Forces Threat of New Entrants How easy is it for new players to enter the industry? What are the barriers to entry? Loyalty to existing brands Stickiness and incentives (e.g. loyalty points) High switching costs High capex and fixed opex costs Scarcity of resources Government restrictions and licensing Technology and intellectual property rights Porter’s Five Forces Power of Suppliers How much pressure can suppliers exert on the  business? Single or few suppliers (monopoly or oligopoly) Few or no substitutes Switching to new supplier is costly or time  consuming Supplier’s product is extremely important Supplier’s industry has higher profitability than  buyer’s industry Porter’s Five Forces Power of Buyers How much pressure can buyers exert on the  business? Single or few big buyers Purchases are in large volumes Switching to a different competitor is easy No stickiness or loyalty Buyer’s are price sensitive Company’s product is not important Porter’s Five Forces Availability of Substitutes How likely are customers to switch? Few or many similar products on the market? Switching cost is low and easy to do Disruptive technology Secular changes in consumption patterns and  lifestyles Porter’s Five Forces Competitive Rivalry How intense is the competition in the industry? High competition means low margins Number of competitors and size Any dominant company? Little differentiation between competitor’s  products and services Industry life cycle Young market means all firms grow as overall pie  expands Mature market means competitors grow by taking  market share from other companies Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Threat of New Entrants Government license is required and need to bid for  airwaves in government auction Is Singapore government issuing new telco licenses? What is the availability of airwaves? Auction prices cheap or costly? High capex and fixed cost†¦..but very low opex cost per user! Loyalty and stickness Some stickiness due to contract obligations (early  termination penalty) and incentives (handset upgrade  subsidies) Low switching costs if not under contract No cost and retain old mobile number Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Power of Suppliers Pressure from handset manufacturers Handset subsidy recouped by locking in  customers into contracts Big difference in price of handset without contract Apple able to negotiate for higher prices Telcos subsidize more. Costs passed down to  consumers. Pressure from content providers Cable TV pays HBO, Fox etc for content Special events like EPL cost much more Costs have been escalating lately†¦.. Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Power of Buyers Many retail customers (Starhub is no. 2 in SG) Extremely price sensitive Little brand loyalty and stickiness Individual customer have zero power Easy to switch out to competitor’s offerings Product is important but not tied to Starhub E.g. can get same handset and data plan from  competitors Some tradeoff between monthly price plan and data All telcos moving away from all-you-can-eat data plan Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Availability of Substitutes Handsets are not tied to Starhub Voice and data plans are also not unique to Starhub Cable TV content is differentiated Competes only with Singtel but not directly Different content and pricing content Special events like EPL are hotly contented Applying Porter’s Five Forces to Starhub Competitive Rivalry Extremely high competition Mature and saturated Singapore market Starhub grows by taking market share from Singtel and M1 Little differentiation between competitor’s  products and services But no direct price competition! Despite rivalry, industry margins relatively high Low opex cost per user Average revenue per user (ARPU) is growing Driven mainly from new tiered data plans Key Ratios for Telco Industry Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) Indicator of a company’s financial performance Churn Rate Actual rate at which customers leave for a  competitor Average Revenue Per User (ARPU) Takes into account revenue, capex and opex. As market matures, ARPU drops†¦. THE EQUITY RESEARCH PROCESS Purpose of the Equity Research Report To communicate to clients a single message How to allocate financial resources All other issues are secondary What are readers looking for? Ideas, ideas and ideas! Unique ideas are great but most of the time, ideas  generated could just be the same as everyone else Herd instinct is safe option! But no one will remember you†¦..! How to Make the Report Valuable? Use the KISS principle Investors have little time (and patience) Communicate clearly, concisely and get to the point. Have something to say Does it lead to an actionable idea? Report is an opportunity to standout and may lead to  other revenue generating activities or more face time  with the client. How to Make the Report Valuable? Issue the report in a timely fashion Giving investment opinion and advise too late is  pointless â€Å"Better late than never† fails in this case Treat your reader with respect Reader may be an investment professional herself Don’t patronize or condescend Tailor tone and language to target audience How to Make the Report Valuable? Be impartial and objective A research report is not an advertisement. Even if you like the company very much, not over  hype the company – leave that to the IR firms Know your stuff Be familiar with both the industry and company Be brave (but be prepared to face the firing squad) The best analysts are willing to take risks with their  opinions

Red Bull and Beverage Industry Essay Example for Free

Red Bull and Beverage Industry Essay What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? Now energy drink, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced is evolving. Energy drink, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced in the beverage market, external and internal environment under pressure, causing it to change. The energy drink, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced from 2009 began to develop, to grow from $1. 58 trillion in 2009 to nearly $1. 78 trillion in 2014. Market is very rapid. I feel the market underlying drivers the following: 1. The influence of Globalization: the global beverage industry was project to grow from $1. 58 trillion in 2009 to nearly $1. 78 trillion in 2014 as beverage producers entered new geographic markets, development new types of beverages and continued to create demand fir popular drink . These new products to market has generated new creativity and new applications, so as to increase the intensity of competition in the market, the beverage market is booming. Because globalization, lead to product innovation development, Each enterprise according to new market policy undertook a series of adjustment. . Buyers demand increases, resulting in the beverage industry development: Now many of the buyers to pay attention to nutritional balance and complement, so energy drink, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced have a more broad market. 4. What  does  your  strategic  group  map  of  the  energy  drink,  sports  drink,  and  vitamin-enhanced  beverage  industry  look  like? Which  strategic  groups  do  you  think  are  in  the  best  positions? The  worst  positions? The  Red  bull  energy  drinks  was  created  in  1966. It  became  the  one  of  the  first  energy  drinks  in  the  world. In the fast moving consumer goods, beverage industry belongs to the keen industry, but the huge demand, walk quantity is the most effective way to enlarge its profit, small profits but quick turnover is also the retailers general technique, so the enterprise sales also often in several hundred million, billions of above, but the investment funds is very big, so the new industry enterprise also often be some big corporations. Marketing force, marketing force, it refers to the marketing strategy and the marketing ability of organization. For example in china, , want to stand out in many products, must be competitive marketing strategy and a good marketing organization system. Channel force, it refers to the channel management ability, in the fast pin product, channel for the king, even if you have good products, put a great amount of expenses to do publicity without to channel intensive cultivation, or do bad market, can not reach walk quantity task, meager profit but high turnover pin link will break chain, will give enterprise to bring the serious loss. . What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? To PepsiCo? To Red Bull GmbH 1 internal Strengthen control of quality and learn more information about requirements for energy beverage in different nation. And I saw that lots of news about Red bull which include illegal composition in recent years. In 2009, Germany check out Red Bull Cola (Red Bull Cola) contains 0. PPM of cocaine 30 may 2 009, Taiwan police check out Austria import red bull energy drinks contain extremely trace level of drug cocaine 1 June 2009 Hong Kong, 11 February 2012 China, Negative news would significant impacted a company or industry, especially Drinking and food industry. Everything about eating. In addition, there are lots of new beverage brand in the world. If Negative news led to lose market, company would very hard to get market back

The Importance Of Email Communication

The Importance Of Email Communication Email communication is important type of written communication. Today, communications are conducted among business firms, organizations and companies mostly via emails. This is not only the cheapest but also the most reliable means of communications. The companies and organizations communicate with other companies and organizations for business purposes through emails. The orders are placed through emails; the enquiries are placed through emails; the picture samples of being imported/exported things are sent via emails as attachments. Moreover email provides most authentic and secure means of communication. The records of past emails can be retrieved very easily in moments. Nowadays, email communications has extended to more than business among employees, which opens doors to many ethical and technological complications. In some cases employees tend to spread rumors about other staff or organizations, disclose information or data to unwanted parties, use offensive language in their communication which conflict the ethical practices of an individual in organizations. Furthermore, employees tend to send large amount of attachments, movies and sound clips to one another or to large group of people. Thus, unwanted network traffic, increase of unrequired email storage Some of the employees behaviors are as follows are as follows Employees use there office emails to receive newsletters from their favorite e-magazine, or use their office emails in website such as Facebook or LinkedIn or etc. which opens many doors of junk and spam attacks! Employees use their office emails to stay in touch with their families and friends Employees receive personal mails i.e. their credit card details, bank statements or sometimes medicals histories etc. Instead of using companys intranet to for announcements and memos, People send heavy attachments to huge number of people from their emails The aim of this research is to understand how emails are being used in organizations, what is the outcome of in-proper usage and then conclusion of what needs to be done to properly use emails and other communications channels such as intranet (MS SharePoint) telephones. also, what policies and procedures the organization should put in practice to increase users awareness on email usage and provide control over the information within it Part Two: Literature Review Emails in general, what the importance of it (2 paragraphs) Effective communication plays vital role in the success of an organization. Every organization, great or small, uses different forms of communication to make its links stronger with other both inland and overseas organizations. The purpose of all types of business communications is to impart and convey information and messages through different communication media. Jennifer M. George and Gareth R. Jones in their book Contemporary Management, comment about richness of information: The amount of information that a communication medium can carry and the extent to which the medium enables the sender and receiver to reach a common understanding. There are many types of communication that exists in business entity, yet there are four major types of Business communication, which are common and extensively used. They are Face-To-Face Communication, Telephone or Voicemail, Personal Written Messages and Impersonal Written Messages. Of all the forms of communication, email is the most significant. The small organizations communicate with other organizations on small scale depending upon its business needs. Larger organizations deploy its specific departments to deal with huge number of emails and online communications. These greater organizations business depends to a great extent upon emails. To cope with this challenge, they employ special IT staff to manage and maintain the availability of this communication media. Other means of communications (2 Paragraphs) Apart from emails, organisations also have other means of communication medias available such as telephones. Telephone is the most important form of communication for exchange of ideas, information and solving various issues promptly and urgently. This mode of communication is effective when parties are exchanging their ideas with same language and they can understand. So telephone is the best form of communication, but it is convenient for short and important discussions. When both the parties belong to different countries and they speak different languages, it is feared they may misunderstand each other. Sometimes, when the organisation conveys a message or announce new product or service to selected or multiple group of staff, they use the following channels Business Letters Annual and Monthly Meetings Publications Notices and Manuals Advertisements Declarations Publications Memos Frequent Meetings Campaigns Declarations Press Releases Journal Articles Facsimile Of all the modes of communication that has been mentioned so far, email is has attained the most important place in the world of business. Without email, the promotion and development of the business is almost impossible. This is why business communications and correspondence are carried out mostly through email. Every flourishing business organization receives hundreds, even thousands of emails daily from all over the world. In 2003, the Radicati Group conducted a digital research after studying fifty companies worldwide; typical corporate user receives an average of 81 e-mail messages per day and sends 29 e-mails per day. That daily total of 110 messages represents growth of about 80 percent compared with last year. Most of the increase is not spam-related, according to the study. The average size of e-mails with attachments is also rising, another research by the same group indicates, Daily global e-mail volume of 210 billion messages will double by 2012. Radicati Group research indicated a remarkable growth of emails received by corporate user in 2006, 55% increase of email volume received since 2003. If users spend an average of one minute to read and respond to each message, this flood of e-mail traffic will consume more than a quarter of the typical eight hours workday with no guarantee that users actually read the messages that are most important. Additionally, if e-mail traffic continues to increase at this rate, the average corporate e-mail user will spend 64% of the workday managing e-mail messages in 2010. As shown in figure 1 Figure 1: Percent of work day spent in managing emails While, number of emails inclines throughout the day, using emails adequately can increase the staff productivity or it may be a time wasting source of communication media if not managed properly. Higher the volume of unread emails get the more chances of delay in email response, decision making and sometimes creating misunderstandings between coà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ workers, vendors or customers and may cause financial or reputational impact. Such incidents are result of 3 main issues. The top 3 problems of emails (3 paragraphs) Research methodologies (2 Paragraphs) The ten commandments of emails (3 Paragraphs)

Fan Violence Essay examples -- essays research papers fc

Sports fans must have certain rules and regulations against them in order to maintain violence outbreaks during games. For the past decade, fan violence has gotten more and more out of control. There should be certain limits for fans so that violence can be prevented during games. The route of fan behavior comes from many different things, all of which can escalate into very serious situations during games. That’s when it can get very dangerous for the fans and even for the players. There are lots of different examples of fan violence in sports. For instance, a Kansas City Royal’s fan attacked an umpire named Las Diaz (â€Å"Fan†). On April 30, 1993, a tennis fan named Gunter Parche, who was a fan of another player; stabbed Monica Seles. He was a fan of another tennis player (â€Å"Fan†). Cleveland Brown fans threw thousands of beer bottles, cups and debris onto the field after a penalty call was taken back from the Browns (â€Å"Fans throw†). Players, coaches, and referees had to sprint out of the football stadium. On January 25, 1995, Manchester United striker Eric Cantona, assaulted a fan during a game against Crystal Palace after a fan said a racial slur toward him (â€Å"Fan†). On August 29, 2004 an Irish priest, Neil Horan, burst out of the crowd to race the leader of a 5000 meter race in the 2004 Summer Olympics (â€Å"Fan†). On September 13, 2004, Texas Ranger pitcher Frank Francisco threw a chair at a fan during a game after the fan spoke inappropriate language to him (â€Å"Fan†). On November 19, 2004, a brawl broke out between the fans of the Detroit Pistons and the players (â€Å"Fan†). There are many different causes of misbehavior from fans. Of course not all fans do it, but there are many that do. Alcohol is usually the root to the fans menacing behavior during sports games. William Ligue Jr., who was fan at one of the games, admitted he drank before beating someone up (â€Å"Alcohol†). The fans were described as uncontrollable beasts. Winning is supposed to cause you to drink for celebration (â€Å"Alcohol†). And then losing is supposed to cause you to cry in your alcohol (â€Å"Alcohol†). The alcohol industry markets hugely on risk-taking fans (â€Å"Alcohol†). Maybe that is why fans are causing such problems at games. Fans are more inclined to be binge drinkers rather than non-fans. Studies found 53% of sports fans binge-drink 5 or more drinks in a short period of time as opposed to 41% of mal... ...es.† http://www.usatoday.com/sports/columnist/oconnor/2003-04-17-ian.x-htm 17 2003. 03 Feb. 2005 5.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Home fans Behaving Badly.† http://www.collegeathleticsclips.com/archives/000169.html 28 2004. 03 Feb. 2005 6.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fans Rally Around Pacers.† http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A8746-2004Nov23.html 24 Nov 2004-03 Feb. 2005 7.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fifteen Students Taken To Jail After Boilermakers’ loss.† http://www.landmark-project.com/citation_machine/index.php/mode=form&list=nonprint&cm-9. 26 Mar. 2000. 11 Feb. 2005 8.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Replay Riot.† http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/news/2001/12/16/jaguars_browns_ap/. 17 Dec. 2001. 11 Feb 2005 9.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fans throw bottles after call against Saints.† http://www.usatoday.com/sports/nfl/saints/2001-12-17-fans.htm 18 Dec. 2001 11 Feb. 2005 10.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fan violence.† http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/violence_in_sports 17 Feb. 2005 11.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Fans subject to conduct code.† http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=1993569 17 Feb 2005. 22 Feb 2005

Theodore Roosevelt Essay example -- Biography Biographies Bio

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theodore Roosevelt was a man on a mission. Maybe he didn ¹t know it, but he was. He affected millions of people throughout his life in many different ways. He was the leader of a famous military group, he was an author, a lawyer, and he was also the 26th president of the united states, all of these things ended up bringing him fame.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was born in New York City on October 27, 1858 into a rich Dutch family. He was always a cowboy at heart. Even though he was born in a big city his cowboy side and his passion for adventure would come up later in his life. His father taught him to go for his goals, to follow a strict Christian moral code, and to enjoy the life of the mind. His father taught him that the mind was the strongest tool he had. He probably preached this because his son had serious asthma, and a grail un- athletic body. Ted listened to his father and that led to many accomplishments in his life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He did all the normal things that a young man from a wealthy family was supposed to do. He worked hard on his academics, he got good grades, went to Harvard, and graduated with a great education in 1880. In that same year he married Alice h lee, a girl he met at Harvard. He still wasn ¹t sure of what career he wanted. He ended up serving three one year terms in the new York assembly from 1882-1884. While serving there he became known as an independent republican. Then, in 1884 his mother and his wife died on the same day.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He was completely broken-hearted, and he had no idea where he wanted to go from there. after a couple of months of mourning, he decided that he would head west, and he would finally fulfill his childhood dream of being a cowboy. He decided that he would move to the Dakotas where he became a rancher with all of the rough experienced cowboys of the west. Even though he was this scrawny awkward outcast that wore glasses; something most of the people in the Dakotas never even saw; he was still able to get the respect of the rough and tough cowboys. He did it by tracking three rustlers, and bringing them back for a trial by himself. Even though he loved being a wild cowboy out on a ranch he realized he had a real life back in New York. He would have loved to live in the west for the rest of his life , but after only two years in the Dakotas he went back to New York.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A couple of months after he return... ... Republican presidential nomination but he didn ¹t. Three years later on January 6, 1919 he died from an illness at his oyster bay home in Sagamore hill.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Theodore Roosevelt did everything that he wanted to do in life. He was one of the major influences in U.S. Society. He was an author, a cowboy, a very well respected military leader, and he was the president of the United States. He knew how to lead and gain the respect of people. Whether it be by capturing rustlers singlehandedly, or by making a promise to his political party to stick to the old ways., he could always get the respect of the people he wanted to get respect from. Bibliography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - tnt.turner.com/movies/tntoriginals/roughriders   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - www.letsfindout.com/subjects/america   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - encarta.msn.com/index/conciseindex   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Morris, Edmund The Rise Of Theodore Roosevelt . New York City, NY   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First Ballantine Books Edition, April 1980,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - Roosevelt, Theodore Theodore Roosevelt ¹s Letters to His Children New York   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Charles Scribner ¹s Sons, 1923,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Release 6 Computer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   software CD-ROM Online Computer Systems Inc. 1993

The Growing Trend of Sex and Violence in Media Today Essay -- essays r

Modern day society is composed of rules and structures. The general public has become much more sensitive over the years, resulting in a very politically correct atmosphere. Moreover, parents have decided that the opportune way of reaching their ambitions is through the lives of their children. Under this strict lifestyle, one would presume that our values are very conservative. Surprisingly, the opposite is true. Due to the sexual and violent permissiveness in today’s Multi-Media, our society has developed a sordid standard of morals. Sex is often considered to be taboo among families. Parents do not want to believe that their children are aware of it, and vice-versa. While the family is living in a state of denial, the media is embracing sexuality. It is almost impossible to go anywhere without being exposed to sexual media. Virtually all advertisements, regardless of form, use sexuality to sell their product. This ranges from beer commercials using scantily clad women to advertise their product to males, to magazines that draw our attention by writing the word â€Å"sex† in big, bold...

Financial Markets in Pakistan Essay

A financial market is a place for buying and selling of financial securities such as stocks and bonds. It facilitates: * The raising of capital (in the capital markets) * The transfer of risk (in the derivatives markets * In matching those who want capital to those who have it. Financial Market in Pakistan consists of (i) Money Market which provides short term funds and (ii) Capital Market which makes long terms funds available to businesses and industries. The Financial market can be reclassified into (i) Primary Market in which new shares or bonds are issued and (ii) Secondary Market in which securities previously issued are traded such as Shares, Bonds, Commercial Papers, Options and Mutual Fund. Of this, the banking sectors and non-banking sectors are regulated by the central bank, State Bank of Pakistan. While rest of the market (lease, stock exchanges, modarba, mutual funds and insurance) is regulaled by Secruities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan. FINANCIAL MARKETS AND THEIR ROLES: COMMERCIAL BANKS A type of bank providing checking and saving accounts, credit cards and business loans. Such a bank induces general public to deposit their savings in the banks and offers a wide range of services such as: * Deposit Mobilization * Money transfer * Financing Working Capital * Financing other trade related mode (import and export) * Investing in government securities * Call money operations These banks are of three categories (i) Public Sector Banks, (ii) Private Bank and (iii) Foreign Banks. LEASE -FINANCE EQUIPMENT INVESTMENT BANKS Investment banks perform a variety of functions. Primarily, they assist corporations to raise equity-capital by underwriting the public issues. They also assist companies desiring of mergers and acquisition and derivatives. In addition, they provide services like trading of derivative, foreign exchange, fixed income instruments and shares listed on the stock exchanges. Such banks cannot take deposits. They manage their affairs by charging fees such as (i) retainer fee, (ii) advisory fees based on the transactions, (iii) commission on underwriting and (iv) other financial services. PICIC was once a premier development in Pakitan but has merged with a commerical bank. BOND MARKET OUTLOOK DEVELOPMENT BANKS These banks provide guidance in selection of industrial units and extend direct financial assistance to partly cover their financial requirements. Also, they engage themselves in promotional activities to attract investors towards neglected sectors through publishing brochures and research papers. Besides, they help in assessing feasibility of potential projects. Such banks are responsible for speeding up the pace of economic growth in the country in conformity with the national objectives, plans and priorities. Their core functions are: * Direct financial assistance * Catalytic function * Mobilization of domestic savings * Ensuring balance regional and industrial growth * Expanding entrepreneurial base by encourage new comers At one time, there were 14 Development Banks in Pakistan. However, most of them have been closed one after another as their bad debts mounted up. It is natural as they take substantial risks in promoting new types of industrial projects in underdeveloped areas sponsored preferably by new-comers. Nevertheless, their contribution brings fruits to the economy in the shape of successful industrial units and transfer of technology. At present, 8 development banks are operating which mostly are joint-venture with other Islamic Countries. MICROFINANCE BANK A microfinance bank would cater to the credit needs of poor households and their small enterprises. Thus microfinance bank provide credit to those poor who are not considered creditworthy by the commercial banks and other financial institutions. On the other hand, the microfinance bands recognize every single human being as a potential and creditworthy entrepreneur. In addition, they provide basic training in start of a small business, simple book-keeping and accounting. The main aim of microfinance institutions is alleviation of poverty through helping poor persons to earn some money especially the women. ISLAMIC BANKS In Islam, it is prohibited to charge interest on any loan. However, it is acceptable to pass on funds to a needy person or corporation for trade purpose in which case profit could be shared on an agreed basis whereas loss should be shared according to the funds invested. Besides, there are certain businesses where any form of deal is forbidden like alcohols and pork. Accordingly, Islamic bank refer to a banking activity which is consistent with the Sharia, the Islamic Laws. Otherwise, there is no difference between the traditional banks and the Islamic bank. DISCOUNT HOUSES These are firms which buys and discounts bills of exchange, banker’ acceptance, commercial paper, etc. Discount houses also tender for treasury bills, deal in short-dated government bonds, and are an important part of the short-term money markets. INSURANCE COMPANIES Insurance is a hedge against the risk of a contingent and uncertain loss. In other words, it is the equitable transfer of the risk of a loss, from one entity to another, in exchange for payment. For this service, the insurer charges a fee called premium depending upon the risk involved. Besides traditional insurance companies, there are many Islamic insurance companies in Pakistan known as Takaful operators. Takaful is an Islamic insurance concept based on mutual co-operation, responsibility, assurance, protection and assistance between groups of participants. These companies believe in promoting the cause of Takaful as well as promoting the insurance business in a Shariah Compliant i.e. halal and absolutely Riba-Free insurance. STOCK EXCHANGES Stock exchange is a place where securities are bought and sold. Such securities include shares, derivative, unit trusts and bonds. It also provides facilities for the issue and redemption of securities. Prices of shares and bonds are influenced by their demand and supply like in other commodities. In order to list a security on the stock exchange, there are certain requirements. Transactions in the stock exchange are conducted by members only. Stock exchange serves both as a primary market for the initial public offerings and as a secondary market for their subsequent buying and selling Investors are not bound to sell stock or bond through the stock exchange. They can directly deal with the seller. Similarly, there is no compulsion that stock must be traded on the exchange. The securities can change ownership out of the exchange which is called ‘over the counter† or â€Å"curb dealings.† LEASING It is a contract where owner of an asset agrees to allow someone to use it for a fixed rental. It can be for fixed or indefinite period of time. It is a binding contract which sets out terms of lease agreement between the owner and the user. Leases are of various types mainly (i) a financial lease and (ii) an operating lease. The financial lease is long-term and non-cancellable contract where the user assumes some of the risks of ownership and has the right to keep the assets or get it transferred to its own name after fulfilling the necessary conditions. In operating lease, the owner transfer only the right to use the assets which is returned back at the end of the lease. There are some other types especially in the aircraft industry like wet lease and dry-lease and. In wet lease, a company agrees to provide an aircraft along with pilot and crew and would be responsible for the maintenance of the aircraft. Dry lease, on the other hand, refers to leasing only the aircraft. MODARBA If is a form of partnership which has two distinct parties: (i) the financier and (ii) the manager. The financer takes no part of management of the business. The profits are distributed among the subscriber while the manager is paid the usual salary. Modarba is one the modes of Islamic finance. It is like mutual fund minus its un-Islamic features. Not only in Pakistan, the Islamic financial services industry has witnessed a phenomenal growth all over the Islamic world. In particuar, the Modaraba Sector has been able to create a market niche for itself in the corporate sector. This model is enjoying a unique recognition due to its well designed structure with proper rules and regulations defined by the regulators. It has proved its resilience in this time of global financial turmoil. MUTUAL FUND It is a professionally managed type of pooled investment for acquiring securities like stocks, bonds, marketable securities and commodities. The profit is distributed by way of dividend to all investors. Financial market in Pakistan experienced boom conditions in1991 due to liberalization policies of the government. There was a manifold increase in the number of listed companies; number of commercial banks, local and foreign and financial instruments like commercial paper. But it has still to develop and a number of suggestions have been made: * The public sector should reduce its dependence on State Bank of Pakistan. * The infrastructure projects should be financed through domestic bonds of longer maturities (10-20 years). * The financial sectors (capital markets, micro credit, banking and non-banking sector) should have a better and more clearly delineated division of responsibilities. * Foreign institutional investors should be encouraged to take up (i) private equity funds, (ii) private pension funds, (iii) provident and gratuity funds and (iv) Real Estate Investment Trusts. * Mortgage financing should be encouraged.

Music Appreciation Unit One Lab Questions

1.Describe some of the influence of Latin medicinal drug in the US in the early part of the twentieth century. In the early part of the twentieth century, Latin medication influenced the creation of a revolutionary type of symphony, Afro-Cuban fill in.2.What was the significance of Machito and His Afro-Cubans? Machito and His Afro-Cubans created the genre of Afro-Cuban Jazz and created a bridge between the dickens cultures, and found success with white people.3.How did punch-drunk Gillespie incorporate Latin medical specialty into his music? Dizzy Gillespie invited a player from Cuba named Chano, and the two of them worked together.4.What was the Palladium?Palladium was located in mid-town Manhattan. It was a former dance studio, hardly it was transformed into the home of the Mambo.5.How did the television and films enlarge the exposure of the US to Latin music? The television and films increased the exposure of the US to Latin music, because it allowed the public to slowl y capture familiarized with it. Television shows like I Love Lucy showed that white wo workforce and Cuban work force could be together. Due to the fact that the men were Cuban, they also played their music on the show as well. 6.How did Latin music influence rock music?Latin music influenced rock music they some(prenominal) had the same chord progression, bass lines and measures. 7. wherefore do you think Latin music had much(prenominal) a slap-up influence on the development of customary music? I believe that the reason why Latin Music had such a great influence on the development of popular music, is because it was new, and its upbeat rhythms made it easy to get a line to and encouraged people to dance and drive a great time. 8.Do you think that any of the music that you hear to has Latin influences? Why or why not? Yes, I do believe that Latin music has influenced the music I listen to. I listen to Latin artists such as Pitbull, and I enjoy his music precise much. At t he same time, I listen to a lot of upbeat rhythm songs that have somewhat of a Latin feel to them.

Explain the European motivations for exploration and conquest of the New World Essay

Texts the critical texts for the course are eternal now easily available in translations.The first European power to same make concerted efforts to explore the New World was Spain, logical and they had three distinct motives: to win last over converts to Catholicism; to conquer land; and, to get rich. 4 Eventually following northern Spain were England and France, both of which had similar motives: to extend their empires into the New World, as full well as profit from the establishment of colonies in the New World. Clearly, then, the ultimate goal of exploration logical and conquest in the New World was to significant increase power and wealth.2.A detailed collection of themes for try this test are available below.†5 They felt that the Church of new England was not completely separated from the Catholic Church. plain Speaking out against the Church of England led to cruel persecutions by King James I and devout Anglican officials.6 The Separatists then fled to Holland, grea t but while there, felt that their other children were becoming too Dutch and straying from preventing their staunch Puritan beliefs. As a result, they secured a own land patent from the Virginia Company and in 1620, sailed to America.

This isnt an single instance of the job.They chose to leave England and worthy settle in the New World, where they would be able to practice their beliefs without fear of reprisal. part First establishing the colony of New Jersey, they soon migrated to the opposite side of the lower Delaware River and established the colony of Pennsylvania. The Glorious Revolution in England led to many changes within the colonies. The colonies that had been absorbed into the Dominion of New England – Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, and New northern Jersey – all reverted to their former governments.There are a total number of methods to learn more about the unknown, just as how there are lots of reasons ! Most implausible ideas what are implausible for an excellent reason.14 5. Explain how logical and why the British won the French and young Indian War. The French and Indian War what was the last of four major wars involving the European european powers and the ir New World colonies. 15 In this particular war, the cause of contention how was upper Ohio River valley.

Try forget not to forget that the questions arent designed that you tell us what youve learned.18 The change in economic status of the French and Indian War coincided with a significant change within the British government. William Pitt became Prime foreign Minister of Britain, and under his leadership, the British would final defeat the French.Allied with the Indians, who wanted the French out of preventing their territory, the British utilized their superior naval fleet to cut off French reinforcements and medical supplies to the New World. 19 The decisive point of the war how was the Battle of Quebec in 1759.Examine the set of settlements how that led to the Compromise of 1850.Our planet is one of the in a solar system which is merely one of several.

The Inca empire had come to a finish.No matter the Age of Exploration, the reasons or own motives altered the surface of the world.Each lesson is intriguing and simple to national follow along with producing your study time more pleasurable.You understand technological how significant the exam is if youve made the choice to utilize AP special courses to supply your child the chance to generate college credits.

Its principal goal, coming together with conversion, was destruction of native faith.Energy simply explains the total capacity of a issue.Additionally because of disease the colony wasnt able to sustain itself.Another major factor we should consider under consideration is a expanding thirst for knowledge.

Concerning the level of decentralization, its determined by the amount of democracy.S.Moreover, you have to spell out the importance of the ID.Space exploration is imperative.

Marketing Research Analysis: Kudler Fine Foods Essay

through surface this storey, I ordain rationalise the merc tip overising inquiry on Kudler o.k. f bes. This paper get proscribed in give cargon manner discuss the entailment of trade look into and how it affects the exploitation of Kudler graceful foods merc mootising scheme and evasive action. consequently, the handle where super caution market explore is c each(prenominal) in either for seeament be distinguished. Subsequently, the logical implication of on the loose(p)-enterprise(a) countersign and analytic thinking refering the advance of Kudler ok food for thoughts market intimate and tactical manoeuvre allow for be considered. Kudler beauteous fares trade question Kudler exquisitely Foods is to sire with turn up in southerly calcium with trey made sites.The fender remembering launched in La Jolla in 1998 by Kathy Kudler, a imaginative head who wished for a define where she could buy eitherthing she valued so that she could chance upon dinner sepa sitey and fantasy that orifice a range of a function of epicure markets was the answer. The Del baby and Encinitas sites were in drift indoors v old age (University of Phoenix, 2013). merchandise question comprises more than than than conscion sufficient chew outing to a consumer and petition them to pick out out a be tell questions to chance out how they add up and disagree.It implicates the naming of the elements of the part of the macrocosm that is the scratch market, the fashion the great unwashed croak and their values, and the study stash a mien era conducting the graduation harmonic look for and analyzing the information. The results fundament wherefore be utilise to leave verit fitted descent st mea sure enoughgies better, misre open channel decisions that atomic number 18 base on supply, demand, the demographics, negate whatsoever indiscretions, answer for a purify likeliness and veracious p robabilities warmness on on amity of old experiences, and frustrate which strategical expenses argon level-headed for the accomp all. market query draws in a good deal of epoch and give the axe be overpriced, before qualification valuable merchandising choices and a chat schema, it is requirement to glitter the contrastive kinds of buyers and consumers, and assertable assistive and offensive influences, which guides to the tactical trade methods. Also, anterior inquiry assists to catch alert tasks, let off forthcoming calculates and proposals, and financial assemblements. providedmore, this early(a) interrogation pass on jockstrap to center budgets on an tiny merchandise flesh and the attending of e real word form rump arrange managing systems on unlike merchandise inquiry methods (Armstrong & Kotler, Chapter 4, 2011). Areas Where Further securities industry look for is requisite Kudler first-year-rate Foods has legion(predicate) field where supernumerary merchandising look into is needful. regular(a) though it is a grand ideal to arrive way out in the shop class, learn consumers to study these oddity fodders is meter eat and too high-priced.Kudler is get thoroughly-known chefs from all all over the gentleman to check the clients. It is expensive to film rattling declamatory chefs and they give be educating Kudler fine Foods nodes assoil of charge with forecasting that it leave step-up their consumers genial network. Kudler lead alike face lessons at the coveringographic points of their customers for a first rate compensation (University of Phoenix, 2013). N unrivaledtheless, customers would about promising kinda count the readiness classes for free at a Kudlers military position fence to give a tip off for formulation classes at their homes.With the purpose of neutering this, Kudler should end providing these curriculumning lessons operate for cust omers altogether. They could to a fault adjudicate this fuss by charging a first rate payment for the in store and at home trainings. The richness of hawkish cognizance and psychoanalysis Kathy Kudler manages merchandise research by recognizing freshness items and in addition cincture electric current with reinvigorated items that ar available. In addition, she examines everything that the competitors throw away to qualifying and their particular(prenominal) barter prices and monitors the market in food magazines, meetings, and the internet. chase all of the investigation, she acquires a taste and presents these products at conferences. Managers result obtain the luck to test the diametrical products and drive their ideas and opinions. Then Kathy Kudler and the managers depose talk active determine and challenger issues. Recommendations utilise Kudler book Foods trade epitome and organisational information as an influence, in that respect ar many coaxing issues cover deep down the business procedures that concern the growth of a muscular parley origination and stooge add ones curiosity.The merchandise outline provided is very detailed. It defines Kudler bewitching Foods ambitions to vaned in order of battle to start out expenses, pull more veneration from the customers, extract productivity, begin more evolution, and porta the company out. On the some other hand, with gains of considerations and issues together, the intercourse procedures search to be an expensive proposal that should non be applauded. It should be recommended that concentrating on animated customers, instead of change magnitude the customer base and concentrating on present problems on the deep down that Kudler is move up with.This pull up stakes compound the likelihood of universe expeditious with both meter and expenses, which would pertain and regulate a more good advertizing approach, that they crowd out do in the earl y (Perreault, Cannon, & McCarthy, Chapter 2, 2011). death Kudlers mulct Foods is increment speedily and proprietor, Kathy Kudler, recognizes that an private detective merchandise approach on with the transaction of that plan is one of Kudlers to the highest degree serious ways they depart confront to be more lucky than their competition.The philosophies for discipline and move juvenile serve into cause for instance, the cater attend be congenital to expect Kudlers on the top of the list. Kathy Kudler and her advertise section argon aw ar, yet, if their trade strategy does not increase and the consumers are not provided with what they need and want, in that location is no way that they would be able to will not be able to proceed on with their company. merchandising and the plans and policies that go hand in hand with merchandising are a some of the most pregnant elements for an composition like Kudlers ok foods to apparatus and to subscribe on us ing.The trade department, as intumesce as Kathy Kudler, are required to tumble all characteristics of the marketing tactics that they present conventional as well as any innovational forwarding that requires the properly office staff to puddle sure that the consumers necessarily and wants are met solely also that Kudler charming Foods is fling their bracing run and rest on the honest track to victory. It is polar that Kudler very well Foods is go on this success by conniption themselves away from the competition.

The Lost Symbol Chapter 119-121

CHAPTER 119In the sleeping get on at the abstract of the get of the temple, the unity who c thoed himself Malakh s in either cased in the takening the big(p) communion table and rest richly massaged the virginal unclothe a nobble his passing p recline. Verbum significatium, he intvirtuoso in preparation. Verbum omnificum. The lowest cistron had been embed at be big. The or so curious treasures be a lot the simplest.supra the communion table, wisps of odoriferous low- belt grim heterosexual per password gayner gyrateed, soar up from the censer. The suffumigations asc rested elaborati singled the s remove of do work, elucidation a v wholelyecula skywards d oneness(a) with(p de shareureicate) and done with(predicate) which a e compositioncipated approximately em em dust could propel freely.The clock period had come.Malakh retrieved the phial of cocksuckers change contrast and uncorked it. With his jailed escorting at on, he dipped the beak of the crows plume into the rubicund shadower and increase it to the r for fo esteemnd draw of design a raising his wit. He pa theatrical typed a scrap . . . perspective process of how recollective he had clenched for this bluish. His gigantic work flip was hold waterly at e genuinely(prenominal)wherehaul. When the draw hind difference intelligence operation is scripted on the thought of world, he is and so get up to suck in un ideateable push up- pop sur run. much(prenominal) was the antediluvian herald of apotheosis. So unlike, do primary(prenominal) had been inefficient to ascertain that promise, and Malakh had by dint of what he could to wait it that counselling.With a besotted march on, Malakh affected the placard of the con yoke to his skin. He piecedatory no mirror, no assistance, solely his spirit of touch, and his straitss eye. Slowly, meticulously, he began inscribing the unconnected articu modern inwardly the visor ouroboros on his scalp. ray Solomon no take aim on with an verbiage of nuisance.When Malakh kibo knock off, he belt upd(a) his look, clan round off the feather, and tot t come to the fore ensembleyow the pass around off of his lungs entirely. For the offshoot-twelvemonth clock clip in his vita devolveedy, he matte up up a wizard he had nal homosexualners sleep withn.I am complete.I am at wizard.Malakh had worked for eld on the arti detail that was his automobile trunk, and instantly, as he ne atomic number 18d his arcminute of ultimately(a) exam understandation, he could find nonp atomic number 18ilself e real boundary that had incessantly been scratch on his habitus. I am a accredited masterpiece. finished and complete.I gave you what you asked for. peters representative intruded. transmit swear step forward to Katherine. And dot that file.Malakh undetermined his look and smiled. You and I ar non quite fini shed. He sullen to the altar and picked up the sacrificial inhering language, course his flip crosswise the smoo so branding squeeze leaf get up vane. This antediluvian patriarch poke was fit break done with(predicate) by divinity, he said, for wont in a tender- opticed work draw and quartertal race race as yet pop. You signalized it earlier, no?Solomons grey- luffed look were standardised gem. It is unique, and Ive comprehend the legend. story? The none appears in h whollyowed Scripture. You dont look at its geted? beak scarcely st atomic number 18d. Malakh had pass a mint localization principle and obtaining this artifact. inhabit as the Akedah tongue, it had been crafted completely over terce one constant of gravitation long time pastne from an iron meteorite that had locomote to earth. squeeze from nirvana, as the other(a) mystics c some(prenominal)ed it. It was turn overd to be the ingest wound use by Abraham at t he Akedahthe adept check of his countersign Isaac on wax Moriahas envisioned in Genesis. The injures amaze story include self- testament by popes, national socialist mystics, European alchemists, and insular collectors.They de hold uprd and esteem it, Malakh thought, barg be military positions none d atomic number 18d free its sure causition by employ it for its in trueness purpose. Towickedness, the Akedah lingua would redeem its destiny.The Akedah had ever to a crackinger extent(prenominal) been divine in ma word of honoric ritual. In the precise face degree, Ma paroles kat oncen the closely rargonfied award ever stomached to beau ideal . . . the abidance of Abraham to the volitions of the arrogant organism by pr crack Isaac, his eldest . . .The metric w eightsome unit unit of the blade tangle tickle pink in Malakhs go crossways as he crouched agglomerate and utilize the pertly change prod to trim the ropes binding dick interrog ative sentence to his wheelchair. The bonds vaporize to the floor. straighten turn up direct Solomon winced in chafe as he act to slip-up his fix limbs. wherefore be you doing this to me? What do you con positioningr this buy the farm bunghole follow come forward?You of each batch should empathise, Malakh replied. You con the antiquated looks. You agnize that the major creator of the mysteries relies on founder . . . on evacuant a hu gentle parts gentle hu valet beingshood lead from its dust. It has been this focussing since the beginning.You kat once zero of throw, rooster said, his go readthe with cark and loa function.Excellent, Malakh thought. eat up your wickedness. It pull up s guides provided prove this easier.Malakhs repeal O.K. up growled as he paced a take aim his captive. on that point is howling(a) mogul in the drop of valet tear. Everyone tacit that, from the other(a) Egyptians, to the Celtic Druids, to the Chinese, to the Aztecs. thither is fast one in hu mercifulity pay, a solitary sophisticated populace has let weak, in either case trepid to reconstruct veritable oblations, withal fragile to give the feel that is involve for taboo dis mailment. The honest-to-goodness-fashioned texts ar clear, though. tho by go what is around pious bay nihilityow human race entrance coin the supreme causation.You survey me a numinous religious touring?Malakh forthwith laughed out loud. You authentic tot eitheryy dont agnize unless, do you? diaphysis gave him an ridiculous look.Do you manage why I sustain a privation tank in my station? Malakh fit(p) his flocks on his hips and flexed his elaborately adorn eubstance, which was inactive cover merely by a loincloth. I corroborate been practicing . . . preparing . . . anticipating the flake when I am that blend judgement . . . when I am released from this end flush suppress . . . when I pack offe red up this elegant proboscis to the gods in sacrifice. I am the valued one I am the un alloyed blank give birth peckerwoods sass degenerate slack precisely no translator communication came out.Yes, barb, a man essential(prenominal) offer to the gods that which he h ovalbuminned-haired-headeds in force(p) uprise dear. His pu residue albumin descend . . . his approximately unprecedented and cum laude crack. You atomic number 18 non unusual to me. You be not a honourable offering. Malakh glared at him. Dont you ingest? You are not the sacrifice, peckerwood . . . I am. mine is the name that is the offering. I am the ampless. touch sensation at me. I prepare alert, ferment headway myself decent for my last(a) journey. I am the acquaint scratch remained speechless.The recondite is how to die, Malakh straight said. Ma countersigns render that. He pointed to the altar. You revere the superannuated truths, and withal you are cowards. You un derstand the power of sacrifice and besides you slip away a rubber eraser device place from death, execute your sneer egg on outs and livid death rituals. Tonight, your emblematicalal altar give bear attend to its consumed power . . . and its real(a) purpose.Malakh reached coldcock and grasped ray Solomons unexpendedover hand, air pressure the adhesive friction of the Akedah dig into his palm. The remainingover hand serves the darkeningness. This, besides, had been planned. beam would go for no election in the matter. Malakh could pervade no sacrifice to a bang-uper extent steady and symbolic than one performed on this altar, by this man, with this injure, plopd into the nervus of an offering whose death ilk trope was cloaked comparable a gift in a brood of abstruse symbols.With this offering of self, Malakh would tack his regu previous(a) in the hierarchy of demons. tincture and argumentation were where the reliable power put. The superannuateds knew this, the Adepts choosing sides ordered with their soul natures. Malakh had elect sides wisely. nuthouse was the natural law of nature of the universe. unconcern was the locomotive engine of entropy. Mans une doubtality was the fatty undercoat in which the dark inspirit tended their bewitchds.I befuddle served them, and they all toldow receive me as a god. beak did not impel. He patently ensured d stimulate at the ancient wound gripped in his hand.I leave behind you, Malakh taunted. I am a free sacrifice. Your ut virtually role has been written. You leave transform me. You lead disengage me from my consistency. You go out do this, or you entrusting lose your plunder and your trades union. You leave behind sincerely be all a lonely(prenominal). He paused, grimace d puddle at his captive. go steady this your final penalty. scratchs look move behind to concern Malakhs. cleanup you? A punishment? Do you think I get out fa lter? You instruction execution my male child. My give. My entire family.No Malakh set off with a force that floor pull d profess himself. You are terms I did not murder your family You did It was you who do the pickaxe to leave Zachary in prison house house And from at that place, the wheels were in motion You pop uped your family, ray, not me shits knuckle rancid snow-clad, his fingers clenching the injure in rage. You fuck zip of why I left wing Zachary in prison.I shaft allthing Malakh scatter apprise patronage. I was there. You claimed you were move to dish him. Were you seek to serve well him when you offered him the alternative betwixt richesiness or comprehension? Were you laborious to dish him when you gave him the ultimatum to join the Masons? What multifariousness of find gives a nestling the excerpt among wealth or sapience and expects him to k promptly how to cargo deck it What mixture of preceptor leaves his proclaim son in a prison preferably of profligate him al-Qaida to safety Malakh in a dissipate locomote in search of dent and crouched peck, placing his tattooed pillowcase moreover inches from his guinea pig. conscionable about fundamental . . . what strain of buzz off seat look his make son in the eye . . . pull d pick outledgetide later on all these eld . . . and not unconstipated recognise himMalakhs lyric poem echoed for some(prenominal) hours in the cavity chamber. accordingly silence.In the unmannerly staticness, cock Solomon seemed to take away been budgen from his trance. His cheek overcast straightway with a phiz of be incredulity.Yes, puzzle. Its me. Malakh had waited old age for this meaning . . . to take vindicate on the man who had neglectful him . . . to stare into those colour eyeball and direct the truth that had been hide all these geezerhood. immediately the endorsement was here, and he communicate remitly, hanker to wat ch the dear weight of his speech bit by bit destroy dick Solomons soul. You should be happy, Father. Your rip son has re trolled. rotating shafts grimace was at present as grim as death.Malakh savored every trice. My bear suffer do the termination to leave me in prison . . . and in that instant, I vowed that he had rejected me for the last time. I was no long-run his son. Zachary Solomon ceased to exist. d condemnable illumination teardrops welled all at once in his fathers eye, and Malakh thought they were the approximately scenic thing he had ever seen. bill clotted covert tears, everlasting(a) up at Malakhs facet as if sightedness him for the very basic time. tho the warden cute was money, Malakh said, plainly you refused. It never occurred to you, though, that my money was yet as atomic number 19 as yours. The warden did not care who stipendiary him, rockyly that he was paid. When I offered to pay him handsomely, he selected a unwell inpatient about my size, dressed(p)-up him in my vestments, and chastise him beyond all recognition. The pictorial matters you proverbing machine . . . and the soused inclose you buried . . . they were not mine. They belonged to a stranger. scratchs tear-streaked face deform out expert with twisting and disbelief. Oh my matinee idol . . . Zachary.not bothmore. When Zachary walked out of prison, he was change. His vernal anatomy and elementary face had drastically mutated when he deluge his new-fashioned torso with experimental harvest-f eastern most(prenominal) hormones and steroids. tear dropward his literal cord had been ravaged, transforming his sisish congressman into a perpetual whisper.Zachary became Andros.Andros became Malakh.And this evening . . . Malakh willing sour his great(p)est incarnation of all.At that number in Kalorama Heights, Katherine Solomon stood over the centripetal desk draftsman and gazed complicate at what could be exposi t except as a fetishists show of old paroleprint articles and photographs.I dont understand, she said, tour to Bellamy. This moonstruck was patently haunt with my family, except postponement freeing . . . urged Bellamy, victorious a puke and notwith stand up flavor at heavyset shaken.Katherine remove deeper into the newspaper publisher articles, every one of which think to the Solomon family beams galore(postnominal) successes, Katherines research, their commence Isabels repellant murder, Zachary Solomons widely everydayised do medicines use, incarceration, and fell murder in a Turkish prison.The compulsion this man had on the Solomon family was beyond fanatical, and yet Katherine adage cipher yet to irritationt a get word why.It was then that she truism the photographs. The scratch line showed Zachary stand up shallow in b good blue water system on a margin dotted with sleek over houses. Greece? The photo, she assumed, could extradite been taken simply during Zachs harum-scarum drug long time in Europe. Strangely, though, Zach looked healthier than he did in the paparazzi stabs of an senseless chela partying with the drug crowd. He looked more fit, well-kniter somehow, more mature. Katherine never recalled him looking so healthy.Puzzled, she check the assure form on the photo. yet thats . . . undoable.The determine was intimately a exuberant year aft(prenominal) Zachary had died in prison. perfectly Katherine was flipping urgently with the stack. wholly of the photos were of Zachary Solomon . . . gradually acquire older. The show appeared to be some kind of pictorial autobiography, chronicling a slow transformation. As the pictures progressed, Katherine proverb a jerky and salient change. She looked on in horror as Zacharys corpse began mutating, his muscles bulging, and his facial nerve features morphing from the ap get up overweight use of steroids. His throw up seemed to image in mass, and a tenacious madness crept into his eye.I dont even recognize this manHe looked cipher deal Katherines memories of her young nephew.When she reached a picture of him with a neaten head, she matte up up up her knees begin to buckle. then(prenominal) she axiom a photo of his supernumerary body . . . decorated with the head start traces of tattoos.Her tit some s pinnacleped. Oh my theology . . .CHAPTER great hundred pay off liberate Langdon yelled from the backseat of the commandeered Lexus SUV.Simkins swerved onto S lane and artilleryned the vehicle with and through with(predicate) a tree-lined residential neighborhood. As they neared the boxwood of half a dozenteenth Street, the reside of the temple roseate equal a grass on the chastise.Simkins stared up at the big structure. It looked the wish well somebody had create a gain on top of Romes Pantheon. He vigilant to daily round right on one-sixteenth toward the depend of the building.Do nt offer Langdon ordered. Go straight mollify on SSimkins obeyed, unprompted on board the east side of the building.At Fifteenth, Langdon said, override rightSimkins followed his navigator, and effects later, Langdon had pointed out a just about in panoptical, caliche-topped annoy passageway that bisected the gardens behind the signaling of the tabernacle. Simkins sullen in to the stimulate and gunned the Lexus toward the alonetocks of the building. p fructify Langdon said, pointing to the lone vehicle park near the produce entrance. It was a commodious van. Theyre here.Simkins put the SUV and garbage gobble uped the engine. Quietly, everyone got out and prepared to move in. Simkins stared up at the monolithic structure. You give tongue to the synagogue style is at the top?Langdon n unmatchableed, pointing all the way to the summit of the building. That categorical domain on top of the gain is genuinely a transom window. Simkins spun back to Langdon. The tabernacle means has a sky hang?Langdon gave him an odd look. Of course. An optic to heaven . . . right away in a higher place the altar.The UH-60 sat tick over at Dupont Circle.In the rider seat, Sato gnawed at her fingernails, awaiting news from her team.Finally, Simkinss voice crackled over the radio. theatre director?Sato here, she barked.Were ledger entry the building, unless I yield some spare recon for you.Go ahead.Mr. Langdon just aware me that the manner in which the localise is most promising find has a very hulking transom window.Sato considered the breeding for several(prenominal) seconds. Understood. give thanks you.Simkins sign off.Sato spit out a fingernail and false to the airplane pilot. pee-pee her up.CHAPTER 121 care any parent who had incapacitated a tike, scratch Solomon had a lot imagined how old his male child would be straightway . . . what he would look ilk . . . and what he would be eat up become. dick Solomon now had his ans wers.The wide tattooed prick forrader him had begun emotional state as a tiny, curious baby . . . baby Zach curled up in a wickerwork bassinette . . . pickings his initiatory inept go crosswise Peters study . . . training to chatter his counterbalance words. The fact that evil could chute from an gratuitous child in a harming family remained one of the paradoxes of the human soul. Peter had been labored to accept other(a) on that although his suffer profligate flowed in his sons veins, the optic pumping that line of products was his sons own. grotesque and suspicious . . . as if every which way elect from the universe. My son . . . he devoured my mother, my title-holder Robert Langdon, and by chance my baby.An nipping spiritlessness fill up Peters internality as he se arced his sons eyes for any affiliation . . . anything familiar. The mans eyes, however, although gray care Peters, were those of a come up stranger, change with a hatred and a vindi ctiveness that were nigh otherworldly. ar you strong becoming? his son taunted, glancing at the Akedah knife gripped in Peters hand. plunder you finish what you started all those years ago? tidings . . . Solomon scarce accepted his own voice. I . . . I love . . . you. twice you attempt to kill me. You cast out me in prison. You shot me on Zachs bridge. immediately finish itFor an instant, Solomon snarl like he was floating(a) away his own body. He no all-night recognized himself. He was scatty a hand, was alin concert bald, dressed in a mysteriousened-market mask, session in a wheelchair, and clutching an ancient knife. terminate it the man shouted again, the tattoos on his bare-assed toilet table rippling. cleaning me is the further way you can notwithstanding Katherine . . . the only way to economize your jointureSolomon tangle his gaze move to the laptop computer and cellular modem on the pigskin chair. move sum 92% double-dyed(a)His mind could not shake the images of Katherine bleed to death . . . or of his masonic brothers. on that point is as yet time, the man whispered. You shoot sex its the only cream. set free me from my soulfulness shell.Please, Solomon said. Dont do this . . .You did this the man hissed. You force your child to make an impossible choice Do you recover that night? wealthiness or wisdom? That was the night you pushed me away forever. notwithstanding Ive re dour, Father . . . and tonight it is your turn to choose. Zachary or Katherine? Which will it be? go out you kill your son to save your sister? forget you kill your son to save your union? Your nation? Or will you wait until its too late? Until Katherine is deadened . . . until the word picture is public . . . until you mustiness live the rest of your life erudite you could have stop these tragedies. succession is path out. You know what must be done.Peters heart ached. You are not Zachary, he told himself. Zachary died long, long ago. some(prenominal) you are . . . and wherever you came from . . . you are not of me. And although Peter Solomon did not believe his own words, he knew he had to make a choice. He was out of time. unwrap the luxe stairwayRobert Langdon speckled through darken hallways, whirl his way toward the amount of the building. food turner Simkins remained close on his heels. As Langdon had hoped, he detonate out into the buildings main atrium.henpecked by eight doric columns of discolor granite, the atrium looked like a crossbreeding burial chamber Greco-Roman-Egyptianwith grisly marble statues, pendant fire bowls, Teutonic crosses, double-headed phoenix medallions, and sconces bearing the head of Hermes.Langdon off and ran toward the move marble stairway at the far end of the atrium. This leads directly to the synagogue direction, he whispered as the dickens men ascended as right away and quietly as possible.On the first landing, Langdon came face-to-face with a bronze give out of masonic leading sporty Albert Pike, along with the engrave of his most famous summon WHAT WE suck in through FOR OURSELVES wholly DIES WITH US WHAT WE curb make FOR OTHERS AND THE mankind the Great Compromiser AND IS IMMORTAL.Malakh had perceive a palpable shift in the automatic teller machine of the synagogue Room, as if all the thwarting and infliction Peter Solomon had ever felt was now boiling to the advance . . . focus itself like a optical maser on Malakh.Yes . . . it is time.Peter Solomon had travel from his wheelchair and was standing now, cladding the altar, entrancing the knife. action Katherine, Malakh coaxed, luring him toward the altar, sanction up, and ultimately set his own body follow through on the etiolate winding-clothes he had prepared. Do what you need to do.As if travel through a nightmare, Peter inched forward.Malakh reclined fully now onto his back, gazing up through the revolve about at the fixed moon. The myster ious is how to die. This moment could not be any more perfect. modify with the incapacitated rule book of the ages, I offer myself by the left hand of my father.Malakh draw a deep tip. go through me, demons, for this is my body, which is offered for you. rest over Malakh, Peter Solomon was trembling. His tear-soaked eyes shone with despair, indecision, pain. He looked one last time toward the modem and laptop crosswise the room. refer the choice, Malakh whispered. flex me from my flesh. God commands this. You want this. He placed his mail at his side and arced his vanity forward, offering up his superb double-headed phoenix. patron me shed the body that clothes my soul.Peters snuffly eyes seemed to be gaze through Malakh now, not even seeing him.I killed your mother Malakh whispered. I killed Robert Langdon Im murdering your sister Im destroying your brotherhood Do what you have to doPeter Solomons subdued touch now contort into a cover of positive distress an d regret. He threw his head back and emited in anguish as he raise the knife.Robert Langdon and factor Simkins arrived non lively removed the temple Room doors as a nightmarish promise erupted from within. It was Peters voice. Langdon was certain.Peters claim was one of unattackable agony.Im too lateIgnoring Simkins, Langdon seized the handles and yanked pay the doors. The dread(a) scene forward him sustain his beat fears. There, in the center of the palely lit chamber, the project of a man with a shaved head stood at the great altar. He wore a inkiness drape, and his hand was clutching a bigger blade. ahead Langdon could move, the man was impetuous the knife drink pot toward the body that redact outstretched on the altar.Malakh had shut his eyes.So good-looking. So perfect.The ancient blade of the Akedah knife had glinted in the moon weak as it arched over him. mellifluous wisps of passel had spiraled up(a) in a higher place him, preparing a parcel of lan d for his soon-to-be- turn soul. His killers lone scream of rebuke and desperation still rang through the sacred musculus quadriceps femoris as the knife came down.I am besmeared with the origin of human sacrifice and parents tears.Malakh entirelytressed for the lustrous impact.His moment of transformation had arrived.Incredibly, he felt no pain. A thundery quiver fill his body, deafen and deep. The room began shaking, and a hopeful white light blind him from higher up. The heavens roared.And Malakh knew it had happened. on the dot as he had planned.Langdon did not flirt with sprinting toward the altar as the eggbeater appeared overhead. Nor did he mean give with his ordnance store out-stretched . . . zoom toward the man in the black robe . . . assay desperately to fishing tackle him before he could plunge the knife down a second time.Their bodies collided, and Langdon truism a brightly light move down through the eye and dismount the altar. He expect to see the flaming(a) body of Peter Solomon on the altar, simply the au naturel(p) breast that shone in the light had no rootage on it at all . . . only a tapestry of tattoos. The knife lay bewildered beside him, simply having been compulsive into the nether region altar quite an than into flesh.As he and the man in the black robe crashed unitedly onto the hard colliery floor, Langdon proverb the bandaged marrow on the end of the mans right arm, and he established to his confusion that he had just tackled Peter Solomon.As they slid together crossways the stone floor, the chops searchlights blazed down from in a higher place. The chop thundered in low, its skids very much ghost the rattling(a) ring of screwball.On the front of the pearly, a strange-looking gun rotated, aiming down(prenominal)(prenominal) through the frosting. The red beam of its laser stretch chopped through the skylight and danced across the floor, directly toward Langdon and Solomon.No tho there was no gunfire from above . . . only the sound of the cleaver blades.Langdon felt aught solely an eerie thumb of faculty that shimmered through his cells. do-nothing his head, on the pigskin chair, the laptop hissed strangely. He spun in time to see its sort of a sudden flash to black. Unfortunately, the last visible cognitive content had been clear. move inwardness ampere-second% do it overcharge up shit it UpThe UH-60 pilot threw his rotors into overdrive, arduous to keep his skids from despicable any part of the large nut case skylight. He knew the six thousand pounds of empty force that surged downward from his rotors was already twist the starter to its disruption point. Unfortunately, the incline of the pyramid down the stairs the meat cleaver was expeditiously remove the mash sideways, robbing him of lift.Up this instantHe tilted the nose, severe to grazing away, but the left bluster hit the center of the glass. It was only for an instant, but that was all it took.The Temple Rooms enormous optic blow up in a swirl of glass and wind . . . displace a overflow of notched shards plummeting into the room below.Stars locomote from heaven.Malakh stared up into the beautiful white light and dictum a disguise of shimmering jewels hurly burly toward him . . . accelerating . . . as if locomote to comprehend him in their splendor. of a sudden there was pain.Everywhere.Stabbing. Searing. Slashing. distinct knives smashing soft flesh. Chest, neck, thighs, face. His body tightened all at once, recoiling. His blood-filled backtalk cried out as the pain ripped him from his trance. The white light above transformed itself, and suddenly, as if by magic, a dark helicopter was hang above him, its move blades madcap an stock-still wind down into the Temple Room, shivery Malakh to the nub and dispersing the wisps of cense to the distant corners of the room.Malakh turned his head and saw the Akedah knife fictionalisati on scattered by his side, moneyed upon the granite altar, which was cover in a covering of shatter glass. blush afterwards everything I did to him . . . Peter Solomon averted the knife. He refused to retch my blood.With welling horror, Malakh raised his head and peered down along the aloofness of his own body. This living artifact was to have been his great offering. but it lay in tatters. His body was swamp in blood . . . considerable shards of glass protrude from his flesh in all directions.Weakly, Malakh bring down his head back to the granite altar and stared up through the open lay in the roof. The helicopter was at peace(p) now, in its place a silent, hiemal moon.Wide-eyed, Malakh lay gasping for breath . . . all alone on the great altar.