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Question: Discuss about the Organisational Changes And Development. Answer: Introduction Organizational change and development occurs only when a company moves from the present state to a developed state in the future which helps in increasing effectiveness. Change usually happens due to pressure from both external and internal forces in the organization, it usually affects the whole company. A company while trying to bring in development and change looks to increase the output but also tries to cut down on costs and expenses. As an external agent therefore I need to address a few key issues so that a University can see a major organizational change. There are three key areas which have been identified as areas for improvement. Firstly, it is about the environmental sustainability, errors in databases and communication[2]. Environmental sustainability Reducing printing cost The cost of printing is very often overlooked but it is one of the higher expenses in a university. This cost is unmonitored almost always resulting in needless expenditure. To address the issue a print management software like Papercut can be installed. The software if installed can track the amount of materials that have been printed. It helps in about 50 percent reduction in print volume. The software also helps keep documents secure and confidential. Another option can be to reduce colour printing as it is five times more expensive than black and white[3]. There can also be a secure pull printing where students do not have to print from different printers but can instead send their files to a network queue from which they can walk up and print anytime. Also, PDFs are the latest ways to reduce printing cost where large documents can be compressed and send via email to students. This can be done in case of lectures or books. PDFs also gives one access to the documents anytime and a nywhere. Therefore if a student fails to get a particular document to university he or she will always have the PDF to fall back on. Reducing Water Consumption First of all to reduce water consumption in a University one has to target leaks, fix them and then introduce water efficient technology[4]. These can include dual flash and sensor based toilets, low-flow shower heads, auto-shutoff mechanisms in sinks and basins[5]. Equipments like dishwashers, sprayers, steam cookers should also be used which reduce water consumption. Like in many other Universities including the one in Boston, rain water harvesting can also be done. In this type rain water is collected in large tanks which can be then used for flushing in toilets[6]. Elimination of trays in the dining hall can also reduce water consumption considerably and the university can save around 30,000 gallons of water per week. Awareness is also an issue and students ideally have to be reminded of things, therefore Save Water signs in washrooms can also help a great deal in reducing water consumption. Reducing energy consumption Energy consumption or otherwise electricity bills are another major area of concern for Universities. Usually the authorities and students need to be smart if they are to cut down on the expenses. First of all they can resort to day light harvesting. In day light harvesting classroom windows can be kept open and light turned off[7]. In Universities especially Zone Scheduling can be done too where lighting in definite sections of a building can be shut down or reduced on a schedule. In the classrooms occupancy sensors can be installed which detect infrared and motion signatures and adjusts light settings accordingly. Also the kind of lights that are being used should be looked into and LEDs should be installed of the same power so that it helps in cost reduction. Besides these, there can be processes like After-Hours Override which allow temporary changes in light settings after usual work hours at the University. A central monitoring and control can also be set up from where maintena nce staff can control and monitor the buildings of the university from different consoles[8]. Lastly, a holiday scheduling can be done where lighting can be controlled for classrooms, lecture hall, theatres or labs for the year ensuring that during holidays the lights do not run in occupied mode. Errors in databases Students and Employee Records Errors in maintaining a student record are always difficult to prevent. However, in a University is it very necessary as it concerns the future of a student. First of all the computers in which the databases and records of students are stored should be tuned regularly so that they perform smoothly. The files need to have a back up and then a maintenance check can be done. While maintaining the databases one can delete unnecessary files or files relating to duplicacy. Software like Oracle and Amazon DB also help in maintaining databases without glitches. Maintaining a database manually can get difficult at times and is more prone to errors. The same steps can be taken to maintain the records of employees of the University. The employees are an integral part of the institution and there should not be any discrepancies regarding their databases. Financial records These records too are extremely important to the University and should be maintained properly without errors. One small problem with figures can lead to bigger problems like excessive expenditure for the University and thus it should be avoided at all cost. Thus to keep an error free financial database one needs to keep the right kind of records with the right labeling. The records have to clearly document every income and expenditure. One has to attach supporting documents like invoices, bills, sales slips, cancelled checks and deposit slips in an organized way[9]. Gone are the days when business and educational institutions alike used to manually calculate the incomes and expenditures. Nowadays there are a lot of accounting software which help cut down the errors. Online software like Wave and Quickbooks have almost helped in minimizing risks in financial accounting to zero percent. These two types of software can be used instead of Tally in the University finance section and therefore it can help reduce the errors. Improving Communication between Departments The communication between departments is an issue in Universities as they do not have the same subject to talk about unlike in an office where everybody is working towards attaining the same goal. To create a cohesive environment between the students one should first identify what each department needs every day. Such information might range from books in the libraries, e books for kindle or even answer sheets. There should be an internal blog of the university where these things can then be put up along with the necessities of other departments. These help the departments come together on a single platform. The blog also helps the departments with a transparent two way communication channel. The communication can also be improved with the help of written communication like one Head of Department writing to another inviting him and the students to attend a seminar[10]. The Deans can also write to each other and to the students congratulating them on some new found successes. Improving communication between employees and management Relationships can seldom thrive without proper communication which is quite crucial for happiness and success. Therefore a proper communication process has to be established between the management and the employees. Check in with employees is a must, so that they can discuss the work they have at hand and the whole organization as a whole. Employees want to be heard and they are quite upbeat about sharing their opinions. The employees need to feel comfortable in their positions. It is not an easy task to improve a thing if one does not know what are the negatives. Communication techniques such as phone calls, text messages, in person communications and email all serve valuable purposes. Email might not be the perfect way to strike conversations with some one. Therefore, again there is a need of social intranet software. There should also be an Open Door Policy where professors should not feel uncomfortable in approaching the Deans or the Head of the Departments[11]. The professors or any employees for that matter might not feel at ease to share some experiences with their immediate bosses and thus there is always a need for the Open Door policy. Improving communications between peers Cultural fests and fetes are the best ways of having students interact with each other which is very necessary in a University. These can be staged twice a year to increase interaction. Also the social medias should be used for it too. This is a common platform where employees and students alike can share, like and comment interesting facts about the university[12]. A social intranet software can also be used where students can share their area of interest with one another to have meaningful conversations. Conclusion Thus to bring in change and development in the university the above plans need to be executed. Some are already in process which needs to be tweaked a bit if possible. Others have to be implemented if the university wants to cut down on the expenses and also improve the communication between students, employees and management. References Bero, B, E Doerry, R Middleton, C Meinhardt, "Challenges in the development of environmental management systems on the modern university campus.". in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, 13, 2012, 133-149. Knapp, M, J Hall, Nonverbal Communication. in , Berlin, De Gruyter, 2013. Linvill, D, S McGee, L Hicks, "Colleges and universities use of Twitter: A content analysis.". in Public Relations Review, 38, 2012, 636-638. Macknick, J, R Newmark, G Heath, K Hallett, "Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature.". in Environmental Research Letters, 7, 2012, 045802. Mattie, J, N Shelmon, J McCarthy, Financial and accounting guide for not-for-profit organizations. in , Hoboken, N.J., Wiley, 2013. Moldan, B, S Janoukov, T Hk, "How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets.". in Ecological Indicators, 17, 2012, 4-13. Pitsis, T, A Simpson, E Dehlin, Handbook of organizational and managerial innovation. in , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2014. Ranney, J, W Troop-Gordon, "Problem-focused discussions in digital contexts: The impact of information and communication technologies on conversational processes and experiences.". in Computers in Human Behavior, 51, 2015, 64-74. Tibbits, S, "Printing Products.". in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, 3, 2016, 135-135. Wang, X, J Linnartz, "Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system.". in Lighting Research Technology, 49, 2016, 603-617. Ward, S, F Memon, D Butler, "Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system.". in Water Research, 46, 2012, 5127-5134. Watanabe, M, M Ikeuchi, "Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex.". in Photosynthesis Research, 116, 2013, 265-276. [1] T Pitsis, A Simpson E Dehlin, Handbook of organizational and managerial innovation, in , Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2014. [2] B Moldan, S Janoukov T Hk, "How to understand and measure environmental sustainability: Indicators and targets", in Ecological Indicators, vol. 17, 2012, 4-13. [3] S Tibbits, "Printing Products", in 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing, vol. 3, 2016, 135-135. [4] J Macknick et al., "Operational water consumption and withdrawal factors for electricity generating technologies: a review of existing literature", in Environmental Research Letters, vol. 7, 2012, 045802. [5] B Bero et al., "Challenges in the development of environmental management systems on the modern university campus", in International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education, vol. 13, 2012, 133-149. [6] S Ward, F Memon D Butler, "Performance of a large building rainwater harvesting system", in Water Research, vol. 46, 2012, 5127-5134. [7] M Watanabe M Ikeuchi, "Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex", in Photosynthesis Research, vol. 116, 2013, 265-276. [8] X Wang J Linnartz, "Intelligent illuminance control in a dimmable LED lighting system", in Lighting Research Technology, vol. 49, 2016, 603-617. [9] J Mattie, N Shelmon J McCarthy, Financial and accounting guide for not-for-profit organizations, in , Hoboken, N.J., Wiley, 2013. [10] J Ranney W Troop-Gordon, "Problem-focused discussions in digital contexts: The impact of information and communication technologies on conversational processes and experiences", in Computers in Human Behavior, vol. 51, 2015, 64-74. [11] M Knapp J Hall, Nonverbal Communication, in , Berlin, De Gruyter, 2013. [12] D Linvill, S McGee L Hicks, "Colleges and universities use of Twitter: A content analysis", in Public Relations Review, vol. 38, 2012, 636-638.